Social+Changes

=Social Changes: 19th century Europe (pp. 449-453)=
 * Briefly describe and define the change
 * Introduce any key words
 * include an image of the change
 * list any positive and negative outcomes

= = =Family - Evelyn=

The structure of the family and household had its major changes before industrial revolution. Three changes were noticeable : 1) average age of marriage lowered to 23 2) increase in the number of children born outside of wedlock 3) increase in the number of aged person who needed care.

Children gained more attention and obtained normal parental love between 1740 and 1850. Before due to the high rate of mortality parents were indifferent and realistic. The reasons of the change are : 1 declining mortality rate of children 2 rising numbers of middle-class who needed little labour and valued children more 3 influence of educational reformers like Rousseau Pestalozzi and Herbert 4 emergence of state-supervised and funded schools.

In 18th century, marriages started to change from contracts to freer relationships. Due to the disproportionate death rate of men, many women had no one to marry. The “spinsters” were common in all social strata except the highest. These women were treated badly by those who are married.



=Occupations - Emma= The Industrial Revolution has brought some changes in occupations, especially changed the female occupations. It provides much more jobs but people who weren't suitable with it were washed out.

In the early Industry, the number engaged in urban occupations and non manual work was increasing, for instance, the improved agriculture has reduced the number of farm laborers so most of them chose to move to cities and find a new job to escape from starving. Some of those ex-farmars were lucky to take up a skilled trade or non manual work such as bookkeepers. Moreover,the young men were pushed to make the decision because there were no government provisions to aid the needy, most of them chose to establish themselves in business before they had mastered a trade.

As for female, women worked in a side variety of occupations before the Industrial, but after that there were actually only 2 options for women: First is to stay at home, finding a rich husband and depend on him. Second is to be a servant. But many of them didn't want to be a servant forever, they chose to left their employers sooner or later and get married, with whom to "set up". Others stayed for life, they would remain unmarried and earn money to support the old folks in the village. Some of them could be cared for in their old age but some of them wouldn't. By the early 19th, women could take a job tending a machine and they even has replaced many male adults because they could work for lower wages.

=Urbanization - Leo= Urbanization started to happen when factories, made in industrial revolution, needed workers. Factories were first built in cities because they needed laborer. Then these factories started to attract people for work and because of this, big cities’ population increased in impressing amount. For example, London’s population rose from 700,000 in 1700 to about one million in 1800. This was same in all cities in Europe such as Paris and Berlin. However, the new industry started to be concentrated on smaller towns because the land was cheaper than in the great metropolises and they were closer to the sources of raw materials.

=Public Health - Cherilynn=

Ordinary people’s lives were improving while in many areas conditions were still bad. Medical and surgical conditions were so severe that being in a hospital meant death. The doctors and pharmacists did not go through proper training and treatment for many diseases such as fever or infections were not known. Amputation was the most common resort to problems but always led to infections and death. People who were ill could hardly recover due to the lack of proper health care. However, that was not the biggest issue. House sanitation was a major problem that led to many deaths. Houses did not have basic sanitary facilities such as ventilation. Not only did houses lack sanitation, but they also lack privacy. Many people shared an apartment or room together, which made it easier for diseases like Tuberculosis to spread. With all these health issues, the death rate in cities and towns were higher than the birthrate.